The Morphological Traits of Brazilian Spinach on Different Shading intensi-ties and Organic Fertilizer

Authors

  • Strayker Ali Muda Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia. Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD), Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia
  • Fitra Gustiar Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Padang Selasa 524, Palembang, South Sumatra 30139, Indonesia
  • Theresia Aprila Sareng Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Padang Selasa 524, Palembang, South Sumatra 30139, Indonesia
  • Zaidan Panji Negara Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Padang Selasa 524, Palembang, South Sumatra 30139, Indonesia
  • Erizal Sodikin Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Padang Selasa 524, Palembang, South Sumatra 30139, Indonesia
  • Entis Sutisna Halimi Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Padang Selasa 524, Palembang, South Sumatra 30139, Indonesia

Article Metrics

This article Abstract has been read: 116 times
PDF Downloads: 42 times
Total Galley Downloads: 42 times
Total Views: 158 times

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24233/biov.11.2.2025.338

Keywords:

cultivated procedure , environment adaptation , morphological trend , tropical plant , suitable substrate

Abstract

Environmental growth will have an impact on plant morphology. This condition also involves shading and nutrient availability for Brazilian spinach as an introduced leafy vegetable. The study aimed to evaluate Brazilian spinach growth and yield on different shading intensities and organic fertilizers. The study adopted a split-plot design with artificial shading intensities (0%, 50%, and 70%) as the main plot and the type of organic fertilizer (guano, vermicompost, liquid organic fertilizer) as the subplot. The results showed that Brazilian spinach could adapt to canopy areas. However, the Brazilian spinach growth was dominant in a no-shade environment (S0). It was evident by shoot fresh weight (SFW), stem dry weight (SDW), branch dry weight (BDW) and leaf dry weight (LDW). Guano fertilizer (F1) was an organic fertilizer that increased the observed variables, including canopy growth, nutrient and water absorption ability and absolute growth of Brazilian spinach. Although the shoot-root ratio for each single treatment did not show a significant effect. There was a significantly interaction between shade and organic fertilizer in Brazilian spinach growth for all morphological traits including shoot-root ratio. Generally, leaf growth was a positive correlation to stem (R2= 0.9918), branches (R2= 0.7258) and shoots (R2=0.9105). In conclusion, the most suitable growing environment for Brazil spinach growth and yield is in no-shading areas, while guano fertilizer application is recommended to be selected to enhance Brazil spinach growth and yield.

Last Year PDF Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bande, M.B., J. Grenz, V.B. Asio, and J. Sauerborn, “Morphological and physiological response of Abaca (Musa textilis var . Laylay ) to shade , irrigation and fertilizer application at different stages of plant growth,” Int. J. AgriScience, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 157–175, 2013.

Budiarto, R., R. Poerwanto, E. Santosa, D. Efendi, and A. Agusta, “Agronomical and physiological characters of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) seedling under artificial shading and pruning,” Emirates J. Food Agric., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 222–230, 2019, doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i3.1920.

Chatzistathis, T., I.E. Papadakis, A Papaioannou, C. Chatzissavvidis, and A. Giannakoula, “Comparative study effects between manure application and a controlled- release fertilizer on the growth, nutrient uptake, photosystem II activity and photosynthetic rate of Olea europaea L . (cv. ‘Koroneiki’),” Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam)., vol. 264, p. 109176, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109176.

Daniel, K.A., E.M. Muindi, E.O. Gogo, and S. Muti, “Black Shade Net Effects on Soil Properties and Cabbage Water Use Efficiency in Humid Coastal Environment,” J. Agric. Ecol. Res. Int., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 49–61, 2022, doi: 10.9734/jaeri/2022/v23i630246.

da Silva, A.P., C.N. Nabais, and D.C.B.B. Gomes, “The Influence of The Type and Dose of Manure Toward Growth and Development of Plants Pakcoy Mustard (Brassica chinensis L.),” Int. J. Dev. Res., vol. 09, no. 01, pp. 25222–25228, 2019, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19213.38883.

Dimande, P., M. Arrobas, and M.Â. Rodrigues, “Effect of Bat Guano and Biochar on Okra Yield and Some Soil Properties,” Horticulturae, vol. 9, no. 7, 2023, doi: 10.3390/horticulturae9070728.

Durak, A.. Ö. Altuntaş, İ.K. Kutsal, R. Işık, and F.E. Karaat, “The Effects of Vermicompost on Yield and Some Growth Parameters of Lettuce,” Turkish J. Agric. - Food Sci. Technol., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1566–1570, 2017.

Easlon, H.M. and A.J. Bloom, “Easy Leaf Area: Automated digital image analysis for rapid and accurate measurement of leaf area,” Appl. Plant Sci., vol. 2, no. 7, p. 1400033, 2014, doi: 10.3732/apps.1400033.

Ellya, H., Nurlaila, N. N. Sari, R. R. Apriani, R. Mulyawan, and B. N. Ismuhajaroh, “Leaf Morphology of Brazilian Spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) as a Backyard Vegetable,” Int. J. Agric. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 56–59, 2021.

Fadilah, L.N., B. Lakitan, and M. Marlina, “Effects of shading on the growth of the purple pakchoy (Brassica rapa var. Chinensis) in the urban ecosystem,” Agron. Res., vol. 20, no. S1, pp. 938–950, 2022, doi: 10.15159/AR.22.057.

Habib, Z.F.B., M.R. Hassan, N. Naher, and A. Halim, “Study on the Effect of Shading on Performance of Leafy Vegetables,” J. Sci. Res. Reports, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 8–24, 2020, doi: 10.9734/jsrr/2020/v26i1030318.

Hussain, S., et al., “Foliar application of silicon improves growth of soybean by enhancing carbon metabolism under shading conditions,” Plant Physiol. Biochem., vol. 159, pp. 43–52, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.053.

Ju, J.-H., T.-Y. Kim, and Y.-H. Yoon, “Growth Responses of Red and Blue Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under Different Levels of Shading for Indoor Cultivation,” J. Environ. Sci. Int., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 405–411, 2022, doi: 10.5322/jesi.2022.31.5.405.

Karimou, A.H., G. Yadji, A.G. Fanna, and A. Idrissa, “Effect of Different Rate of Bat Guano on Growth and Yield of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in Niamey, Niger,” J. Exp. Agric. Int., no. April, pp. 34–46, 2020, doi: 10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i330482.

Khalid, M.H.B. et al., “Effect of shade treatments on morphology, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.),” Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 2551–2569, 2019, doi: 10.15666/aeer/1702_25512569.

Kim, Y., D. Kim, and G. Lee, “Physicochemical Properties of a Mixture of Dried Food Waste Powder with Organic Fertilizer and Effects on the Growth of Major Leafy Vegetable,” J. Korea Org. Resour. Recycl. Assoc., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 5–13, 2019.

Korn, L., C. Ngang, D.R. Ader, and P. Srean, “Bat Guano Application Rate in Horticulture in Cambodia: An Experiment With Tomato,” J. Agric. Sci., vol. 15, no. 11, p. 24, 2023, doi: 10.5539/jas.v15n11p24.

Kumar, S., S. Kumar, and T. Mohapatra, “Interaction Between Macro‐ and Micro-Nutrients in Plants,” Front. Plant Sci., vol. 12, May, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665583.

Lakitan, B., K. Kartika, Susilawati, and A. Wijaya, “Acclimating leaf celery plant (Apium graveolens) via bottom wet culture for increasing its adaptability to tropical riparian wetland ecosystem,” Biodiversitas, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 320–328, 2021, doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d220139.

Lakitan, B., K. Kartika, L.I. Widuri, E. Siaga, and L.N. Fadilah, “Lesser-known ethnic leafy vegetables Talinum paniculatum grown at tropical ecosystem: Morphological traits and non-destructive estimation of total leaf area per branch,” Biodiversitas, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 4487–4495, 2021, doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d221042.

Lanna, N.B.L., P.N.L. Silva, L.F. Colombari, C.V. Corrêa, and A.I.I. Cardoso, “Residual effect of organic fertilization on radish production,” Hortic. Bras., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 47–53, 2018, doi: 10.1590/S0102-053620180108.

Lee, J.H., Y.S. Lim, and S.Y. Nam, “Optimization of Shading Levels, Potting Media, and Fertilization Rates on the Vegetative Growth of Sedumzokuriense Nakai,” Flower Res. J., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 239–246, 2021, doi: 10.11623/frj.2021.29.4.04.

Mahmud, M., R. Abdullah, and J.S. Yaacob, “Effect of vermicompost on growth, plant nutrient uptake and bioactivity of ex vitro pineapple (Ananas comosus var. MD2),” Agronomy, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 1333, 2020, doi: 10.3390/agronomy10091333.

Muda, S.A., B. Lakitan, A. Wijaya, S. Susilawati, Z. Zaidan, and Y. Yakup, “Growth and yield of brazilian spinach under different shading intensities and harvesting periods in a tropical lowland urban ecosystem,” Rev. Agric. Neotrop., vol. 11, no. 2, 2024, doi: 10.32404/rean.v11i2.8464.

Mulia, A.B., D.P. Soedjarwo, and D.U. Pribadi, “Effect of Guano Fertilizer Doses and Atonic Concentrate Growth Regulator Substances on Curly Chili (Capsicum annum L.) Plant Yields,” vol. 2024, pp. 10–14, 2024, doi: 10.11594/nstp.2024.4002.

Nguyen, T.P.D., T.T.H. Tran, and Q.T. Nguyen, “Effects of light intensity on the growth, photosynthesis and leaf microstructure of hydroponic cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under a combination of red and blue LEDs in house,” Int. J. Agric. Technol., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 75–90, 2019.

Ni, Y.W., K.H. Lin, K.H. Chen, C.W. Wu, and Y. Sen Chang, “Flavonoid compounds and photosynthesis in passiflora plant leaves under varying light intensities,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 633, 2020, doi: 10.3390/plants9050633.

Niazi, S., M.F. Sulaiman, M.I. Sadat, G. Saleh, and J.J. Nakasha, “The Effects of Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Shade on Physiological Characteristics and Yield of Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum),” Ann. Agri-Bio Res., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 50–55, 2022.

Paciullo, D.S.C., C.A.M. Gomide, C.R.T. Castro, R.M. Maurício, P.B. Fernandes, and M.J. F. Morenz, “Morphogenesis, biomass and nutritive value of Panicum maximum under different shade levels and fertilizer nitrogen rates,” Grass Forage Sci., vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 590–600, 2017, doi: 10.1111/gfs.12264.

Palita, S.K., R. Panigrahi, and D. Panda, “Potentiality of Bat Guano as Organic Manure for Improvement of Growth and Photosynthetic Response in Crop Plants,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B - Biol. Sci., vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 185–193, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40011-020-01205-y.

Poliquit, D. E. “Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as Influenced by the Residual Effects of Guano-Char,” Asia Pacific J. Multidiscip. Res., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 73–77, 2019, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32627.48167.

Poliquit, D.E., and E.S. Calong, “Bat guano levels of application influencing carrot (Daucus carota L.) growth and yield performance,” Countrys. Dev. Res. J., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2018.

Prizal, R.M. and Nurbaiti, “Effect of organic fertilizer fertilizer on plant and production of pakcoy plant (Brassica rapa L.),” Jom Faperta, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2017.

Purnama, I., E. Mutryarny, and R.T. Wijaya, “Advancing Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) Growth in Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils: An Experimental Analysis of Solid Guano and Liquid organic fertilizer Interaction,” Idesia, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 9–14, 2023, doi: 10.4067/S0718-34292023000300009.

Putra, S.S., E.T.S. Putra, and J. Widada, “The Effects of Types of Manure and Mycorrhizal Applications on Sandy Soils on the Growth and Yield of Curly Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.),” Caraka Tani J. Sustain. Agric., vol. 35, no. 2, p. 258, 2020, doi: 10.20961/carakatani.v35i2.34971.

Pyakurel, A., B.R. Dahal, and S. Rijal, “Effect of Molasses and Organic Fertilizer in Soil fertility and Yield of Spinach in Khotang, Nepal,” Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 49–53, 2019, doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v7i1.23301.

Rezai, S., N. Etemadi, A. Nikbakht, M. Yousefi, and M.M. Majidi, “Effect of light intensity on leaf morphology, photosynthetic capacity, and chlorophyll content in sage (Salvia officinalis L.),” Hortic. Sci. Technol., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 46–57, 2018, doi: 10.12972/kjhst.20180006.

Ria, R.P., B. Lakitan, F. Sulaiman, Z.P. Negara, and Susilawati, “Artificial Shade Adaptation and Population Density on Swiss Chard,” Biovalentia Biol. Res. J., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 78–83, 2023.

Rogers, E.R., R.S. Zalesny, R.A. Hallett, W.L. Headlee, and A.H. Wiese, “Relationships among root-shoot ratio, early growth, and health of hybrid poplar and willow clones grown in different landfill soils,” Forests, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 49, 2019, doi: 10.3390/f10010049.

Sani, N.A.M. and Z. Awang, “Sustainable Vermicomposter Design for Household Usage,” Prog. Eng. Appl. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 301–309, 2021.

Sathiyavani, E., N.K. Prabaharan, and K.K. Surendar, “Role of Mineral Nutrition on Root Growth of Crop Plants – A Review controlling the uptake of mineral nutrients . to shoots and participate in the control of leaf with mineral fragments . mucilage as a substrate for growth and secrete,” vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2810–2837, 2017.

Sommai, S., A. Cherdthong, C. Suntara, S. So, and M. Wanapat, “In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation Responded to Flavonoid Extract Levels from Alternanthera sissoo and Dietary Ratios,” J. Ferment., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–15, 2021.

Sim, H.S. et al., “Determination of Optimal Growing Degree Days and Cultivars of Kimchi Cabbage for Growth and Yield during Spring Cultivation under Shading Conditions,” Hortic. Sci. Technol., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 714–725, 2021, doi: 10.7235/HORT.20210063.

, L. et al., “The Effects of Shading and Organic Domestic Waste on Brazilian Spinach Growth,” J. Lahan Suboptimal J. Suboptimal Lands, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 52–61, 2023, doi: 10.36706/jlso.12.1.2023.623.

Wang, J., G. Du, J. Tian, Y. Zhang, C. Jiang, and W. Zhang, “Effect of irrigation methods on root growth , root-shoot ratio and yield components of cotton by regulating the growth redundancy of root and shoot,” Agric. Water Manag., vol. 234, p. 106120, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106120.

Yusof, F.F.M. et al., “Shading effects on leaf gas exchange, leaf pigments and secondary metabolites of polygonum minus huds., an aromatic medicinal herb,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.3390/plants10030608.

Published

08-04-2025

How to Cite
Write scientific names with Italic fonts:

Strayker, A. M., Fitra , G., Theresia , A. S., Zaidan , P. N., Erizal , S., & Entis Sutisna , H. (2025). The Morphological Traits of Brazilian Spinach on Different Shading intensi-ties and Organic Fertilizer. BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.24233/biov.11.2.2025.338

Issue

Section

Vol 11, No 1 (2025): May 2025